The TaiyangNews Cell & Module Technology Trends 2025 report provides an overview of developments in three mainstream solar cell architectures—TOPCon, HJT, and Back Contact (BC). As PERC to become endangered soon, these technologies are becoming central to photovoltaic manufacturing, each following distinct pathways shaped by specific technical and process-related requirements.
TOPCon remains the most widely adopted architecture; the key developments here are laser assisted contact forming on the front side and edge passivation. Manufacturers are utilising LPCVD and PECVD platforms, while PVD has emerged as a 3rd option that is under evaluation. HJT has shifted to double-sided microcrystalline silicon since already for some time now and is focusing on reducing silver use through narrower finger lines, paste formulations with lower silver loading and initially increasing number of busbars and then eliminate the busbars.
BC technology, though less transparent due to proprietary development, is gaining attention through pilot lines, but already in high volume production by a handful of manufactures. Its rear-contact structure requires precise laser patterning and selective passivation. Reducing the metallisation costs is also the key cost reduction driver with BC.
At the module level, each technology has prompted changes in interconnection design, bill of materials, and bifacial response. Trends such as zero-busbar layouts and application-specific adaptations continue to influence how modules are configured for different installation environments.