Top Solar Modules Listing – February 2024

The number of companies featured in this month’s TOP MODULES list still remains the same at 32 but the product count went up by a count of 1 to 56. Qcells’ TOPCon product has re-entered our listing after being removed in June 2023 due to the non-availability of product specs on the company’s website. Qcells, in addition to PERC, is now promoting a TOPCon module with an efficiency of 22.3% for the UK market, thus finding a place in our listing. Another prominent change within this month’s feature is Tongwei Solar, which rebranded itself from TW Solar; one of the world’s largest silicon and cell manufacturers that has only recently focused on modules as well, Tongwei Solar has increased the module efficiency of its top TOPCon product to 22.8% from 22.5%, and concurrently, its power output has increased from 580 W to 590 W (see details on Tongwei’s latest downstream plans in its presentation at a recent TaiyangNews Conference here). As a result, this module has climbed from the 10^th place to 6^th in the rankings. However, this has had no effect on the toppers of the TOP MODULES with the first 4 positions remaining the same.

As in the previous edition, Aiko Solar, one of the leading Chinese cell manufacturers to venture into module manufacturing, again holds the top position with a ground-breaking commercial record efficiency of 24%. Aiko’s AIKO-A620-MAH72Mw has a power rating of 620 W. Like its predecessor, its record module product is also from its ABC module series that relies on the back contact cell architecture. In May 2023, we included LONGi Solar’s Hi-MO6 module with an updated efficiency of 23.2%. As a result, LONGi has made the No. 2 position its own, which it shared with Maxeon before May 2023. Huasun, which moved to the 3^rd place from 5^th in September 2023 with the release of its 715 W Himalaya G12 series module with 23.02% efficiency based on the HJT 2.0 technology and aimed at utility-scale applications, has retained its position.

However, the top spot is likely to change soon with the highest-efficient commercially available module to reach an even higher peak. Notably, the Singapore-based back-contact technology pioneer Maxeon has announced a record-breaking 24.1% efficient PV panel in mid-February (see World’s Highest Commercial Solar Module Efficiency). Its announcement, however, came after the research deadline for our monthly editions (first week of a month). We also need to get details on production and shipment data for this record panel.

For more details on the different modules, please check the Results & Changes section below, following the Background and Methodology chapters.

Before diving into the details, we reiterate the launch of our Excellence Badge scheme announced in December 2023. Manufacturers who are featured in the TOP 10 for at least 6 months within a calendar year (see the 13 companies’ logos for 2023) are eligible to apply for the 2023 Badge of Excellence, which has been granted to Aiko Solar, Huasun, Tongwei Solar, JinkoSolar, JA Solar so far (pictured below efficiency table).

At total of 13 module manufacturers remained in the TOP 10 of our listing for more than 6 months in calendar year 2023.

Background

Efficiency and output power are the 2 key characteristics of a solar module. While there are several means to improve module power, such as employing larger cell sizes or integrating more cells into a module, it’s the efficiency that truly speaks to the ability of the solar device to convert sunlight into power per area. That’s why this list includes only the highest efficiency solar modules.

TaiyangNews has been covering the efficiency progress of solar modules through its annual reports on Advanced Module Technologies starting from 2017 and its annual conference starting 2020. Our most recent annual conference on Solar Module Innovations took place on January 31, 2023 (access the presentations here). However, in the quickly changing solar sector, a lot happens over the course of a year. To keep our readers updated about the efficiency progress more frequently, TaiyangNews started publishing this monthly column on commercial TOP SOLAR MODULES at the beginning of 2022. TaiyangNews has also published 2 reports presenting the analysis of this monthly list – an annual overview analyzing the developments over the course 2022, (see TOP SOLAR MODULES 2022), and an extended analysis to June 2023 that was published and distributed during Intersolar Europe (see TOP SOLAR MODULES H1-2023). The 2023 edition will be published in the coming days.

Methodology

Before going into the details, here is some background on the methodology and selection criteria: module efficiencies have been improving considerably in recent years. In order to make the list rewarding for technically advanced products, we set the minimum efficiency of 21.5% as the criterion to feature in the list. We have listed only commercially-available top modules from each cell technology stream of one module maker. For example, if a company is offering 2 different product streams based on PERC technology that have more than 21.5% efficiency, then only the product with the higher efficiency is considered for this list. But if a module maker is offering, for example, products based on PERC and TOPCon that have efficiencies of 21.5% or above, then both the products are listed. Efficiency is the only criterion for ranking in the list (whenever available in the specs, we have used 2 digits after the decimal point for efficiencies, otherwise one). However, as we see products with the same efficiency more often, power determines the order in this case. And when both the efficiency and power are the same, we list the manufacturers in an alphabetical order.

The list does not distinguish between different module formats. All typical module sizes used in rooftop and ground-mounted solar system applications are included and treated equally as companies increasingly use larger modules also for rooftop applications.

A module that has the complete data sheet listed on its manufacturer’s website is considered a commercially-available product. As such, the efficiency and power data listed here are taken from the data sheet available on the respective company’s website. This also means that any new product announcements without final technical data published are not included in the list as their module specs often differ considerably from the products that are finally available for purchase, and some products presented at trade fairs do not even see commercial light at all. Finally, we only list modules based on in-house-produced cells of a respective module manufacturer, which means modules using externally sourced cells are not featured in the TOP SOLAR MODULES list. If module specs listed on the websites seem to have ‘conspicuously’ high efficiencies, we ask for certificates from third-party test institutes, among other information, before we include a product in the list.

Results & Changes

Meeting these criteria, according to our research (status: first week of February 2024), a total of 56 products from 32 companies have made it to the current list, with 1 new product and 1 with upgraded efficiency.

Aiko’s ABC module series remains at the top with an efficiency of 24%, surpassing its own previous high of 23.6%. This change happened in the month of June 2023. Aiko’s ABC module product is rated with up to 620 W power coming from 144 M10 half-cells. Aiko has not specified the exact cell architecture, but it’s based on n-type wafers and characterized as ABC, which is also the designation of the module series and stands for All Back Contact. The panels of its ABC White Hole Series features a grid-free front design for improved aesthetics and a uniform appearance. Its low temperature coefficient (0.29%/℃) minimizes power loss in hot climates. Aiko has also provided a list of projects as proof where the module series has been used in commercial-scale installations.

The Hi-MO 6 module from LONGi was updated in May 2023 – to 23.2% efficiency from 22.8%; it has remained unchanged in the No. 2 position. LONGi’s product is based on its proprietary HPBC cell technology, which is essentially a back contact cell architecture. Apart from being top-class in efficiency, the Hi-MO 6 module series is also powerful. It reaches up to 600 W in the highest power class. The 144 (6×24) half-cell panel is a single glass (3.2 mm) product with an anodized aluminum alloy frame, measuring 2,278 x 1,134 x 35 mm and a weight of 27.5 kg. The module with up to 23.2% efficiency also features a 25-year power warranty with <1.5% power degradation in the first year and an average of 0.40% from years 2 to 25.

Huasun’s HJT module remains 3^rd, which was the most prominent change to happen in September 2023. Until August, Huasun was listed with 22.53% efficiency and 700 W power. The Himalaya series module from Huasun is based on the G12 wafer size in a 132 half-cell configuration. The module has an efficiency of 23.02% and a power rating of 715 W, which was the highest among all listed products for a few months. The release of this product was also the first time that a module surpassed the 700 W benchmark. It is also bifacial, which, along with its high-power attribute, makes the product highly compatible with utility-scale applications. Huasun had promoted this product for a few months but provided production and shipment numbers only later, thus confirming its commercial availability and earning a place in our ranking. In Feb. 2024,  Huasun’s Director of Business Development Europe Christian Comes in his presentation Designing HJT Modules For Various Applications explained also the business rational for high-power, high efficiency HJT modules in utility-scale PV power plants (see TaiyangNews Webinar On HJT Solar Application Trends in Europe).

In Dec. 2023, Tongwei Solar also started offering a 715 W module. Its HJT module gained an entry at the 4^th position right from the start, a position it maintains even in the current edition. Till November 2023, Tongwei was only represented in the TOPCon segment and PERC (shingled) modules. With the inclusion of this HJT product, Tongwei is among a few companies that feature 3 times in our list, meaning in 3 different technology streams. Tongwei’s HJT module is built with 132 cells of the 210 mm format. It is designed with the company’s THC cells – an n-type HJT cell technology. The highest power rating for this bifacial module is 715 W, and an efficiency of 23.0%. Tongwei has also provided production details and a testing report for this panel.

The 4^th rank is also shared by Maxeon’s IBC module, called Maxeon 6, which is built with 66 cells of the 166 mm format. It is designed with a white backsheet and a black frame structure. With 23% efficiency, 445 W power and n-type IBC cell technology, it comes with an outstanding performance warranty period of 40 years. As mentioned above, they have just announced a new 24.1% product.

Tongwei Solar has updated the efficiency of its TOPCon module, which joined the list in April 2023, from 22.5% to 22.8% and has increased its power from 580 W to 590 W. These improvements enabled its move from the 10^th place to 6^th, tied with SPIC. The product is designed with a TNC cell type, an anodized aluminum alloy frame and features a linear warranty of 30 years for power output. This product is also built with 144 half-cells of the G12 wafer format.

SPIC, which slipped to 6^th in December, remains unchanged. While the company had been promoting a product with an efficiency of 22.3% till August 2023, it made a remarkable change in September by improving the efficiency of its top product by 0.5% absolute. Its latest Andromeda 3.0 product series comes with a top efficiency of 22.8%. The company has also provided the shipment and production data, indicating the commercial availability of the product. The module features an elegant full black design combined with SPIC’s TBC cell technology, which is an IBC concept adopted on a TOPCon base cell architecture. The bifacial module, with a bifaciality of 70% and built with 120 half cells, has a power rating of 410 W. SPIC is offering a 30-year power warranty for this product.

The above changes pushed Astronergy to 8^th. This ASTRO N5 module, which was last updated in the September edition to 22.6%, was upgraded by 0.05% in December to 22.65%. The latest variant of the ASTRO N5 series, like the previous one, is also a bifacial panel built with 144 half-cut cells of the 182 mm wafer format and an unaltered power rating of 585 W.

JinkoSolar shares the 8^th rank with Astronergy with its Tiger Neo TOPCon module JKMN-72HL4-V that is offered with a power rating of 585 W. This module has a 132 half-cell configuration and an efficiency of 22.65%.

The best module from Jolywood, the early adopter of TOPCon technology whose products have not undergone any changes technically, now ranks 10^th. However, its former Niwa Light module was replaced with a bifacial product called Niwa Pro in August, which has the same specifications of 440 W power and 22.53% efficiency.

The next efficiency level of 22.5% is shared by as many as 8 companies ranked 11^th. The count fell by one, as Tongwei moved up from this efficiency band. Risen gets the first mention in the group, which is structured according to power first, and if equal, an alphabetical order is applied.

Risen Energy’s Hyper-ion module, which was included in June 2023, remains unchanged. This HJT module from Risen has an efficiency of 22.5%, corresponding to a high rated power of 700 W. The product is built with 132 half cells, cut from the 210 mm original format, and is bifacial.

Trina Solar’s Vertex N series replaced the previous Vertex S+ in the September 2023 edition. While both the product groups have the same efficiency, the currently featuring Vertex N has a high power of 700 W compared to 450 W for the former. Thus, the company’s order among the products ranked 11^th (22.5% efficiency) has gone up from the penultimate position to 2^nd. The TSM-NEG21C.20 is built with 210 mm wafers and 132 half cut cells. This bifacial module, using a 2 mm glass on both sides, reaches a bifaciality of 80 ± 5%.

DAS Solar’s DAS-DH156NA is also listed at the 11^th position. This n-type TOPCon solar module remains unchanged with 156 half cells and 630 W power.

JA Solar’s TOPCon listing saw a change in power ratings in the August 2023 edition. The JAM72D42 630/LB has a higher power of 630 W compared to the 530 W JAM72D40 580/GB product, but the efficiency has stayed the same at 22.5%, and thus ranked 11^th. It is a bifacial double-glass module with a bifaciality of 80 ±10% and is built with 144 half-cells of the G12 size and 16 busbars. As to the physical characteristics, the module measures 2,465 x 1,134 x 35 mm and weighs 34.6 kg.

Canadian Solar’s TopHiKu6 TOPCon model is yet another module that offers 22.5% efficiency. The module entered our list in June 2023, replacing a bifacial product, and has an efficiency that is 0.2 percentage points higher. CS6W-560-580T has 144 half cells based on the 182 mm wafer format. Interestingly, one more product from Canadian Solar also shares the 11^th rank. However, this HiHero series, based on HJT, is a smaller module built with 108 G12 wafers in a half-cell configuration, and thus a lower rated power of 440 W.

DMEGC, which entered our listing in January 2024 with an efficiency of 22.5%, remains unchanged. The company’s TOPCon module made a drastic move upward from 18^th to 10^th and is one among the group of companies ranked 11^th. This n-type module from DMEGC features an improved efficiency of 22.5%, up from 22.45%. It featured in the listing for the first time in June 2023, which continued to the end of the year. This bifacial module is designed with 144 half cells of the 182 mm wafer format and has a corresponding rated power output of 580 W, which is essentially unchanged.

Runergy’s TOPCon module’s efficiency, listed with 22.4% efficiency until November 2023, improved it to 22.5% in December. With this change, the company moved from the 21^st place to 10^th, and now down to 11^th. The company is another leading Chinese cell vendor that ventured into the module business recently (for background, watch our interview with Runergy CTO Yang Yang). Its 2 product streams, based on TOPCon and PERC cell technologies, were featured in our review for the first time in July. Runergy’s HY-DH144N8 is built with 144 half-cells in the 182 mm wafer format. The bifacial TOPCon module has an efficiency of 22.5%.

The next spot, the 19^th, is shared by the 4 companies mentioned below. All these products have an efficiency of 22.45%. Their ranking, however, has not changed from the last edition.

A product series called STAR Pro, which was updated in August, represents EGing PV’s TOPCon range in the list. The top module of the STAR Pro features a module efficiency of 22.45%. This bifacial module, built with 144 half-cells of the 182 mm wafer format, has a rated power of 580 W.

Qn-Solar, a Chinese solar cell and module manufacturer, entered our list in July 2023. Originally a project developer and EPC, the 2014 launched Shanghai-headquartered company also operates its own power plants, and has been strongly expanding into the manufacturing field recently to reach 69 GW cell and 39 GW module capacity in 2023, according to the company’s website. It is promoting TOPCon modules with an efficiency of up to 22.45%, qualifying it for the shared 19^th position. Qn-Solar’s listed bifacial TOPCon product has a rated power of 580 W and is built on the 182-wafer format with 144 half-cells. Qn-Solar is also promoting a PERC module that qualifies with an efficiency of 21.57%, which earns it an inclusion in our current listing at the 45^th position. That module has an output power of 670 W.

SolarSpace also belongs to the category of leading cell manufacturers venturing into module making. The company, offering both PERC and TOPCon products, entered our rankings in July 2023. In December, the TOPCon module of Lumina II was upgraded to a high-efficiency variant, increasing its efficiency from 22.02% to 22.45%. Consequently, its ranking improved significantly, moving up 10 places from 28^th to 18^th and now to 19^th. The 580 W module is built with 144 half-cells based on the 182 mm wafer format and has an efficiency of 22.45%. Lumina I from SolarSpace is a PERC module with 21.57% efficiency and is one among 7 products sharing the 45^th rank on the list.

URECO is a manufacturer formed after a merger of the 3 leading Taiwanese cell manufacturers – Neo Solar Power, Gintech and Solartec. The company has products on offer that are based on all 3 mainstream cell technologies – PERC, TOPCon and HJT. While PERC products were already part of our earlier listing, the modules based on the remaining 2 advanced cell technologies were included in our August edition. Named GLORY, the company’s TOPCon series is represented by its FBF580B8D model with an efficiency of 22.45%, which means it shares the 19^th rank with the above mentioned 3 products from EGing PV, Qn-Solar and SolarSpace. URECO’s HJT module, with a rated efficiency of 22.44%, very narrowly misses the spot by 0.01%, putting it 4 ranks down to #23, which has also not changed. Called GLORY HELLO, the module is built with 120 half-cells using the 210 mm wafer format and has a power rating of 635 W.

Suntech’s TOPCon module stays alone at the 24^th position with an unchanged efficiency of 22.4%. This bifacial module is built with 182 mm sized 156 half-cells and has a power rating of 625 W. Another product from Suntech featuring since July 2023 has an efficiency of 21.7% and is among the top efficiency products in the PERC category, which is now in the 32^nd place.

Akcome, listed in 25^th position, remains unchanged. The product was upgraded to 22.37% efficiency from 22.22% in December. While the product branding has not changed, including its name, the power and efficiency have been updated. The Ak iPower HJT module is built with 132 half-cells based on the 210 mm wafer size and is rated for a power of 695 W. The dual-glass module achieves a bifaciality of up to 90%, resulting in a power generation gain of 7% to 30% on the back side. Akcome also promotes a 560 W and 21.68% efficient bifacial PERC module built with 144 half-cells sliced from M10 cells. This PERC product shares the 39^th rank with JinkoSolar’s Tiger Pro PERC module that has the same efficiency.

Yingli Solar, one of the early adopters of cell architectures based on n-type wafers, finally found its way into our November listing through its PANDA 3.0 PRO, a TOPCon module product. The cells used in this module are made from its in-house 5 GW cell production capacity for TOPCon, while the company has 20 GW of module capacity including PERC and TOPCon. The listed module is built with 156 half-cells. The bifacial module interconnected with MBB technology has an efficiency of 22.36% and a power output of 625W. This module is placed 26^th, while another module from Yingli ranks 45^th in the PERC category.

A major change in this version can be seen at the 27^th rank. Qcells made an entry to the list with its TOPCon module, thus sharing the rank with the existing products from GCL-Si and REC.

Part of the vertically integrated GCL Group, which is a global leader in silicon production for the solar industry, GCL Integration (GCL-Si) is offering solar modules and battery storage products as well as full PV project solutions (for details on GCL Group, watch our interview with Group Chairman Gongshan Zhu). In the July 2023 edition, we included 2 module products from GCL-Si. The GCL GEMINI series’ more efficient product, GCL_NT10/72GDF, representing the TOPCon range of the company, has an efficiency of 22.3% and a power output of 575 W. The bifacial n-type module is designed with 144 half-cut cells based on the 182 mm wafer format.

REC’s top HJT module offered commercially hasn’t seen any change 2023 to-date. The Singapore-based manufacturer’s Alpha Pure-R series HJT product is available with an unaltered efficiency of up to 22.3% and 430 W module power.

Qcells, after its last appearance in June with a TOPCon module, again enters the high efficiency top solar module listing; however, its PERC module continued to be listed during this period. This TOPCon module shares the 27^th position. The Q.TRON SMART-G1+ module, part of the Q.TRON SMART SERIES, offers a power output ranging from 380 W to 400 W with a maximum module efficiency of 22.3%. With dimensions of 1717 mm x 1045 mm x 32 mm and weighing 19.9 kg, it features a smart junction box, silver anodized aluminum frame, and 120 Mono Q.ANTUM NEO solar half cells. According to the website, the module is available in the UK region.

CECEP Solar Technology Zhenjiang is a Chinese cell and module producer founded in 2010 that operates around 4 GW of cell and 8 GW of module capacity, according to its website. CECEP’s first-time featuring TOPCon product is a High Efficiency series bifacial solar module made with 144 half-cells based on the M10 n-type wafers. The product is rated with an efficiency of 22.1% and a power output of 570 W. This module ranks 30^th.

The remaining 26 products listed are below 22%, of which 2 are based on HJT while the bulk are PERC modules.

Jinergy’s HJT module, which was updated in September 2023, now ranks 31^st. Its efficiency of 21.85% is 0.17 percentage points higher than the previously listed product. Not just efficiency, the featured JNHM144-475 is a slightly larger module compared to the previous one, built with 144 cells, and thus has a higher power rating of 475 W. It is bifacial too, with a bifaciality of over 85%.

Meyer Burger is offering its HJT product with the same efficiency of 21.8% and a power rating of 390 W, now listed at the 32^nd position.

There are several module series available today with efficiencies slightly exceeding 21.5%, as high efficiency cell architectures are not a must to reach that level, but in order to design products beyond 21.7%, the cell technology is key.

As shown in our TOP SOLAR MODULES H1-2023 overview report, PERC in general was not able to support efficiencies above 21.6% until the end of last year. At the time, modules with efficiencies above 21.6% were generally employing cells based on high-efficiency cell architectures such as IBC, TOPCon or HJT.

Of late, however, we have observed an increase in the number of companies reaching module efficiencies of up to 21.7% with PERC. Until November 2022, LONGi and Risen were part of this group. Canadian Solar joined the list in January, Tongwei in February, DAS Solar in April, and Suntech joined the list of 21.7% efficiency PERC modules in July – and all of them are ranked #33. Following the order of rated power, the third module of Canadian Solar in this list, the HiKu7, is based on the 132 half-cell configuration with 210 mm wafer size and a rated power of 675 W. Risen Energy’s TITAN module is built with 132 half-cells of the 210 mm wafer format for a rated power of 675 W. DAS Solar’s DAS-DH144PA module is based on a 144-cell and 182 mm wafer format. LONGi’s Hi-MO 5m module is built with 144 cells of 182 mm cell size, offering 560 W of power. Suntech’s Ultra V module has a 144 half-cell design based on the 182 mm wafer format, and a rated power output of 560 W. Tongwei Solar, which had a 21.5% efficiency product listed until February 2023, introduced a 21.7% product that reaches a power output of 430 W. Like its predecessor, this product is also based on the shingled interconnection technology, stripping cells into 5 and a total of 61 cells are used to build this shingled module.

If rounded, the next 2 products would also reach 21.7%, but the companies – Akcome and Jinko – chose not to do so in their spec sheets. JinkoSolar’s Tiger Pro is a module with 21.68% efficiency based on a 144-cell configuration, resulting in a rated output of 560 W. Akcome has a bifacial product with the same number of cells, cell format and output of Jinko. Thus, the 2 products now share the 39^th rank.

Of the remaining 16 PERC products, 4 reach 21.6% efficiency, 3 products from this group – from GCL-Si, Talesun and Trina Solar – have the same power rating of 670 W owing to the same cell count of 132 half-cells of the G12 size. JA Solar’s DeepBlue 3.0, built with M10 sized 156 half-cells, has a lower power rating of 605 W. While listed lower, it is ranked the same at 41^st.

The next 7 products rated with 21.57% efficiency share the 45^th rank, of which 3 are from Qn-Solar, SolarSpace and URECO that all entered our list in July, while Jinergy, Seraphim and Yingli are the other 3. ZNShine’s PERC module is a new member in this group. The company has a total capacity of 10 GW. The product also leverages bifacial capabilities, the half-cell design, and MBB technology. Like the other 6 products listed with 21.7% efficiency, this module also has the same rated power of 670 W. All these products are built with 132 half-cells of the 210 mm wafer format. EGing PV’s PERC product is the lone beholder of the 51^st rank with an efficiency of 21.56%, but the power rating of 670 W is the same as the products from the group above. The lowest efficiency of 21.5%, which is also the minimum criterion to be included in this list, is represented by 4 products at rank 52. These products are offered by Runergy, Qcells, Astronergy and CECEP, all sharing this position.

Summary

In TaiyangNews’ February 2024 TOP SOLAR MODULES list, featuring 56 products from 32 companies, Aiko Solar maintains its lead with its ABC module boasting 24% efficiency. LONGi Solar secures the second spot with its Hi-MO 6 module at 23.2%, while Huasun’s HJT module holds onto 3^rd with 23.02% efficiency and 715 W power. Notably, these top 3 rankings remain unchanged from the previous edition.

Tongwei Solar’s TOPCon module has notably improved, with its efficiency increasing from 22.5% to 22.8%. Simultaneously, its power output has risen from 580 W to 590 W. This enhancement propels the module from the 10^th place to 6^th in the rankings. Additionally, alongside PERC modules, Qcells enters the list with a TOPCon module boasting 22.3% efficiency. Previously delisted in June 2023, Qcells‘ Q.TRON module with 22% efficiency has now re-entered the market, particularly in the UK, with improved efficiency and a power output of 400 W.

Reports: If you want to learn more about the commercial module efficiencies of integrated module producers, please check our TOP SOLAR MODULES H1/2023 report. Here we have looked at the monthly columns for the last 18 months of this ranking – with a focus on H1/2023 – and analyzed the trends and developments for the different cell technologies (PERC, TOPCon, HJT, Back Contact) and listed companies (download the TOP SOLAR MODULES H1/2023 report for free here).

PS: If you have spotted a solar module somewhere that meets our criteria and is missing in this list, please do send us the website link with the product specs to [email protected].

Disclaimer: TaiyangNews does not guarantee reliability, accuracy or completeness of this TOP SOLAR MODULES Listings content. TaiyangNews does not accept responsibility or liability for any errors in this work.